1,5-脱水葡萄糖, 1,5-AG , 1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol

1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol (1,5-AG) is a monosaccharide and a metabolically inert analog of D-glucose that has been found in a variety of dietary sources including soy, white rice, pasta, vegetables, fish, and tea. Renal reabsorption of 1,5-AG is blocked by glucose, and serum levels of 1,5-AG are decreased by repeated episodes of hypoglycemia. Serum levels of 1,5-AG have been used as a supplementary glycemic marker to hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in patients with diabetes mellitus.

1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol is an anhydro sugar of D-glucitol. It has a role as a human metabolite. It derives from a D-glucitol.

1, 5-Anhydrosorbitol, also known as 1, 5-anhydroglucitol or 1-deoxyglucose, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are compounds containing one carbohydrate unit not glycosidically linked to another such unit, and no set of two or more glycosidically linked carbohydrate units. Monosaccharides have the general formula CnH2nOn. 1, 5-Anhydrosorbitol exists as a solid, very soluble (in water), and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 1, 5-Anhydrosorbitol has been found in human prostate tissue, and has also been primarily detected in saliva, blood, sweat, and cerebrospinal fluid. Within the cell, 1, 5-anhydrosorbitol is primarily located in the cytoplasm. 1, 5-Anhydrosorbitol can be biosynthesized from D-glucitol.

1,5-Anhydrosorbitol 是评价短期血糖控制情况的可靠指标。

1,5-脱水-D-山梨醇是一种具有吡喃环结构的六碳单糖，分子结构与葡萄糖十分相似，主要靠食物摄入。人体内所有组织都含有1,5-AG，组织中含量远远超过循环血液中的含量，所以正常人血清或血浆中的1,5-AG 浓度非常稳定。糖尿病人的血浆1,5-AG显著低于健康人，新发病和久病的Ⅰ型糖尿病人，血浆1,5-AG一般都在10μmol/L以下。1,5-AG能更确切、更灵敏的反映较短时期内糖尿病的控制程度，而且由于血浆AG升降幅度较宽，受分析误差的影响较小，测定结果更加客观 。

1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol is a type of sugar present in human blood. It is often used as a biomarker for detecting glucose fluctuations and monitoring diabetes. In this paper, we will provide a comprehensive overview of 1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol, including its definition, physical and chemical properties, synthesis and characterization, analytical methods, biological properties, toxicity and safety in scientific experiments, applications in scientific experiments, current state of research, potential implications in various fields of research and industry, limitations, and future directions.

Definition and Background

1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol, also known as 1,5-AG, is a type of sugar alcohol that is naturally found in human blood. It is a derivative of glucose and is formed by the removal of a water molecule from the glucose molecule. 1,5-AG is not metabolized in the body and is excreted unchanged in the urine. It is considered to be an indicator of glycemic control and is often used in conjunction with other biomarkers to diagnose or monitor conditions such as diabetes.

Synthesis and Characterization

1,5-AG can be synthesized from glucose using a variety of methods, including enzymatic conversion, chemical reduction, and epimerization. Enzymatic conversion involves the use of enzymes to catalyze the conversion of glucose to 1,5-AG, while chemical reduction and epimerization involve the use of reducing agents and acids, respectively. 1,5-AG can be characterized by a variety of analytical techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS).

Analytical Methods

Several analytical methods have been developed for the quantification of 1,5-AG in biological samples. These include enzymatic assays, HPLC, and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Enzymatic assays involve the use of enzymes that specifically recognize and catalyze the conversion of 1,5-AG to other metabolites, such as hydrogen peroxide, which can be measured by colorimetric or fluorometric methods. HPLC and CE involve the separation of 1,5-AG from other metabolites based on their physicochemical properties, such as size, charge, and hydrophobicity.

Biological Properties

1,5-AG is not metabolized in the body and is excreted unchanged in the urine. It is believed to be a biomarker of glycemic control and has been used in the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes. 1,5-AG has also been shown to have antioxidative properties and may play a role in protecting against oxidative stress.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments

Studies have shown that high levels of 1,5-AG in the blood may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the toxicity and safety of 1,5-AG in scientific experiments have not been extensively studied.

Applications in Scientific Experiments

1,5-AG has been used in a variety of scientific experiments, including the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes, the assessment of glycemic control, and the evaluation of oxidative stress.

Current State of Research

The current state of research on 1,5-AG is focused on improving the accuracy and sensitivity of analytical methods for its quantification in biological samples, as well as understanding its role in oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry

Potential implications of 1,5-AG in various fields of research and industry include the development of improved diagnostic tools for diabetes, the identification of new therapeutic targets for oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease, and the optimization of food and beverage production processes.

Limitations and Future Directions

One limitation of 1,5-AG is that its levels may be affected by factors such as renal function and certain medications, which may limit its use as a biomarker. Future directions of research on 1,5-AG include the development of more specific and sensitive analytical methods, the investigation of its role in other disease states, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and the exploration of its potential as a therapeutic agent.

In conclusion, 1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol is a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes, as well as a potential therapeutic target for oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease. Further research is needed to better understand its biological properties, toxicity, and safety, as well as its potential applications in various fields of research and industry.