Gentiobiose, 龙胆二糖

Gentiobiose is a disaccharide consisting of two glucose units linked by β-(1→6) glycosidic bond. It is a common constituent of various types of natural products, such as gentian roots, dandelion roots, and other medicinal plants. In this paper, we will provide an insight into the definition and background of gentiobiose, its physical and chemical properties, synthesis and characterization, analytical methods, biological properties, toxicity and safety in scientific experiments, applications in scientific experiments, the current state of research, potential implications in various fields of research and industry, limitations, and future directions.

Definition and Background:

Gentiobiose is a disaccharide consisting of two glucose units linked by β-(1→6) glycosidic bond. It is named after the Gentiana plant, which was the first plant where it was discovered. Gentiobiose is also found in other plants such as dandelion roots and other medicinal herbs. It is a non-reducing sugar and cannot be hydrolyzed into other monosaccharides.

Physical and Chemical Properties:

Gentiobiose is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water. Its molecular weight is 342.30 g/mol. Gentiobiose is stable at room temperature and exhibits good thermal stability. Unlike other disaccharides, gentiobiose exhibits no mutarotation even in the presence of acid or base. It has a sweet taste and is often used as a sugar substitute in food products.

Synthesis and Characterization:

Gentiobiose can be synthesized by the enzymatic hydrolysis of gentiopyranosyl-β-D-pyranoside, which is derived from gentian roots. The structure of gentiobiose has been characterized by various methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.

Analytical Methods:

Gentiobiose can be analyzed using various methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and gas chromatography (GC). These methods are commonly used for the separation, purification, and quantification of gentiobiose from natural sources.

Biological Properties:

Gentiobiose has been shown to possess various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antioxidant properties. It has also been found to regulate blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity. These properties make gentiobiose a potential candidate for the development of novel therapeutics.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments:

Gentiobiose has been shown to be non-toxic at concentrations up to 10 mM. However, further studies are needed to determine the toxicity and safety of gentiobiose at higher concentrations.

Applications in Scientific Experiments:

Gentiobiose has various applications in scientific experiments such as a substrate for enzymes, a sugar substitute in food products, and a potential therapeutic agent.

Current State of Research:

Research on gentiobiose has mainly focused on its biological properties and potential therapeutic applications. Studies have shown that gentiobiose has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antioxidant properties. It has also been found to regulate blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity. These properties make gentiobiose a potential candidate for the development of novel therapeutics.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry:

Gentiobiose has potential implications in various fields of research and industry such as the development of novel therapeutics for diabetes, cancer, and inflammation. It can also be used as a sugar substitute in food products.

Limitations:

One of the main limitations of gentiobiose is its limited availability and high cost of synthesis. Further studies are also needed to determine the toxicity and safety of gentiobiose at higher concentrations.

Future Directions:

There are several potential future directions for research on gentiobiose, including:

1. Development of novel methods for the synthesis of gentiobiose to increase its availability and reduce its cost.

2. Investigation of the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antioxidant properties of gentiobiose.

3. Development of novel therapeutics for diabetes, cancer, and inflammation based on the biological activities of gentiobiose.

4. Investigation of the potential use of gentiobiose as a prebiotic to promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.

5. Development of gentiobiose-based biofuels and other industrial applications.

Title: Gentiobiose

CAS Registry Number: 554-91-6

CAS Name: 6-O-b-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose

Additional Names: 6-(b-D-glucosido)-D-glucose; amygdalose

Molecular Formula: C12H22O11

Molecular Weight: 342.30

Percent Composition: C 42.11%, H 6.48%, O 51.41%

Literature References: From gentianose by partial hydrolysis with 0.2% H2SO4 or with invertin. From D-glucose by enzymatic synthesis with emulsin: Helferich, Lette, Org. Synth. 22, 53 (1942). Prepn and structure: Haworth, Wylam, J. Chem. Soc. 123, 3120 (1923); Hudson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 51, 1708 (1930). Structure: Hassid, Ballou in W. Pigman, The Carbohydrates (Academic Press, New York, 1957) p 492. Synthesis: Helferich, Klein, Ann. 450, 219 (1926); Reynolds, Evans, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60, 2559 (1938). Hydrolysis with almond emulsin gives 2 mols D-glucose.

Derivative Type: a-Form

Properties: Lentil-shaped crystals with 2CH3OH from methanol. Bitter taste. Very hygroscopic. mp 86°. Shows mutarotation. [a]D22 +16° (3 min) ® +8.3° (3½ hrs c = 4). Sol in water, hot methanol, hot 90% alcohol.

Melting point: mp 86°

Optical Rotation: [a]D22 +16° (3 min) ® +8.3° (3½ hrs c = 4)

Derivative Type: b-Form

Properties: Anhydr crystals from alc, mp 190-195°. Shows mutarotation. [a]D22 -5.9° (6 min) ® +9.6° (6 hrs, c = 3). Sol in water, hot methanol, hot 90% alcohol.

Melting point: mp 190-195°

Optical Rotation: [a]D22 -5.9° (6 min) ® +9.6° (6 hrs, c = 3)

COA:

Product name: Beta-D-Gentiobiose

CAS: 554-91-6      M.F.: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁      M.W._: 342.3     Batch No: 090401       Quantity: 100mg from 1g