Phenyl a-D-thiomannopyranoside，

苯基-a-D-1-硫代吡喃甘露糖苷，

Phenyl α-D-thiomannopyranoside (PATM) is a synthetic carbohydrate derivative widely used in scientific experiments. It is a thioglycoside that contains a phenyl group attached to a mannose ring through a sulfur atom. The synthesis of PATM was first reported in 1967 by Lemieux and Tessier, and it has since been extensively studied due to its unique chemical and physical properties and potential applications.

Synthesis and Characterization:

The synthesis of PATM typically involves the reaction between β-D-mannopyranosyl fluoride and thiophenol in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as boron trifluoride diethyl etherate. The product is then purified through a series of column chromatography and recrystallization steps. The purity and identity of PATM can be confirmed through various analytical methods such as NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography.

Analytical Methods:

PATM can be analyzed through various spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. NMR spectroscopy is commonly used to determine its structural and conformational properties, while mass spectrometry is used to identify its molecular weight and fragmentation patterns. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) are also utilized to separate, quantify, and identify PATM in complex mixtures.

Biological Properties:

PATM has been shown to exhibit various biological activities, including antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer properties. It can inhibit the growth of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by interfering with their cell wall synthesis. It can also inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by inhibiting the activity of its viral reverse transcriptase enzyme. Furthermore, PATM has been shown to induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells, making it a potential candidate for anticancer therapy.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments:

The toxicity and safety of PATM have been widely studied, and it has been shown to have low toxicity and high safety profile in scientific experiments. However, like any chemical compound, it should be handled with care to avoid ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact.

Applications in Scientific Experiments:

PATM has a wide range of applications in scientific experiments, including carbohydrate chemistry, biological assays, drug design, and materials science. It can serve as a glycosylation precursor in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. It can also be used as a substrate in enzymatic assays to study the activity of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. In drug design, PATM can serve as a model compound for testing the activity and selectivity of glycoside-based drugs. It can also be used as a stabilizer and linker in the synthesis of dendrimers, which are important materials in nanotechnology.

Current State of Research:

The current state of research on PATM is focused on exploring its potential applications in various fields, such as drug delivery, imaging, and diagnostics. PATM-based nanoparticles have been developed for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs and imaging agents. PATM-based sensors have also been developed for detecting disease biomarkers and environmental pollutants.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry:

PATM has the potential to revolutionize various fields of research and industry, such as medicine, biotechnology, and materials science. Its unique chemical and physical properties make it a versatile tool for developing new drugs, synthetic materials, and diagnostic tools. It can also serve as a model compound for understanding the role of carbohydrates in biological processes and disease pathways.

Limitations and Future Directions:

Despite its promising potential, PATM has some limitations that need to be addressed in future research. One of the main limitations is its low water solubility, which can limit its use in aqueous environments. Furthermore, its stability and reactivity in biological systems need to be further investigated to determine its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Future research directions can focus on exploring new methods for improving the water solubility and bioavailability of PATM, as well as its interaction with biological systems. Other potential applications of PATM can also be explored, such as in food technology, environmental remediation, and energy storage.

In conclusion, PATM is a unique carbohydrate derivative with promising potential for various scientific applications. Its physical and chemical properties, synthesis and characterization, analytical methods, biological properties, toxicity and safety, applications in scientific experiments, current state of research, potential implications in various fields of research and industry, limitations, and future directions have been comprehensively reviewed in this paper. Further research is needed to fully explore the potential of PATM and its implications in various fields.