D-葡糖醛酸-γ-内酯；葡醛酯；肝泰乐

D-Glucurono-3,6-lactone

Glucuronolactone (GL) is a naturally occurring metabolite of glucose. It is a cyclic ester of D-glucuronic acid and has a chemical formula of C6H8O6. GL is found in small amounts in various plant and animal tissues and is an important component of connective tissues. It was first isolated from animal urine in 1954. Since then, GL has attracted considerable attention due to its potential therapeutic applications in various fields of research and industry.

Physical and Chemical Properties:

GL is a white crystalline powder with a melting point of 176-178°C. It is highly soluble in water and sparingly soluble in organic solvents, such as ethyl alcohol and acetone. GL is a weak acid with a pKa value of 3.5-3.7.

Synthesis and Characterization:

GL is usually synthesized from D-glucuronic acid through a multi-step process that involves the conversion of the acid to its lactone form. The lactone is then purified and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, such as infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Analytical Methods:

Several analytical methods have been developed to measure GL in various samples, including urine, blood, and tissues. These methods include high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and capillary electrophoresis.

Biological Properties:

GL has been found to exhibit several biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. It also enhances energy metabolism and mental performance.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments:

GL is generally considered safe and non-toxic at doses commonly used in scientific experiments. However, in vitro studies have shown that high concentrations of GL may have cytotoxic effects on certain cell types.

Applications in Scientific Experiments:

GL has been used in various scientific experiments to study its effects on different biological systems. These experiments have shown that GL may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of several conditions, including liver diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and fatigue.

Current State of Research:

The current state of research on GL is focused on exploring its potential therapeutic applications and identifying the mechanisms underlying its biological effects. Several clinical studies are currently underway to investigate the safety and efficacy of GL in humans.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry:

GL has potential implications in various fields of research and industry, including nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods. It may also have applications in agriculture and environmental remediation.

Limitations and Future Directions:

Despite the promising results obtained from preclinical studies, several limitations and challenges need to be addressed before GL can be translated into clinical practice. These include the need for standardized protocols for GL synthesis, analytical methods, and dosing strategies. Future research directions should focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological effects of GL and exploring its potential therapeutic applications in a wider range of diseases and conditions.

Some of the future directions in GL research include:

1. Investigating the effects of GL on the gut microbiome and its potential implications for gut health.

2. Exploring the role of GL in modulating immune responses and its potential applications in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

3. Investigating the neuroprotective effects of GL in animal models of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

4. Designing new formulations of GL for enhanced bioavailability and targeted delivery.

5. Investigating the potential role of GL in regulating glucose metabolism and its applications in the prevention and treatment of diabetes.

In conclusion, GL is a promising compound with potential therapeutic applications in various fields of research and industry. Further research is needed to fully understand its biological effects and explore its potential applications in clinical practice.

 Title: D-Glucuronolactone

CAS Registry Number: 32449-92-6

CAS Name: D-Glucuronic acid g-lactone

Additional Names: D-glucofuranurono-6,3-lactone; glucurolactone; glucurone

Trademarks: Dicurone; Glucoxy; Guronsan

Molecular Formula: C6H8O6

Molecular Weight: 176.12

Percent Composition: C 40.92%, H 4.58%, O 54.51%

Literature References: Found in many plant gums in polymeric combination with other carbohydrates. Important structural constituent of practically all fibrous and connective tissues in the animal organism, cf. D-glucuronic acid. Prepd synthetically from many polysaccharides or suitable glucosides where the hydroxyl at carbon 6 may be oxidized while the other sensitive groups are protected. Prepn: Stacey, J. Chem. Soc. 1939, 1529; Hardegger, Spitz, Helv. Chim. Acta 33, 337 (1950); Marsh, Proc. Biochem. Soc. [Biochem. J.], 50, XI (1951); Mehltretter et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 2424 (1951); Phillips, Moody, J. Chem. Soc. 1960, 762. Structure: J. Stanek et al., The Monosaccharides (Academic Press, New York, 1963) p 259. For isoln procedures see the ref under glucuronic acid.

Properties: Crystals from ethanol, mp 176-178°. (Commercial grades, mp 172°.) d430 1.76. [a]D25 +19.8° (c = 5.19). Soluble in water (26.9 g/100 ml of soln); slightly sol in methanol (2.8 g/100 ml). Very slightly sol in abs ethanol (0.7 g/100 ml), in glacial acetic acid (0.3 g/100 ml). The free acid is more sol than the lactone. At room temp an aq soln of glucuronolactone reaches an equilibrium of about 20% lactone and 80% acid within 2 months. At 100° an equilibrium of 60% lactone and 40% free acid is reached within 2 hrs. Initial pH of 10% aq soln 3.5, after 1 week the pH is about 2.5.

Melting point: mp 176-178°; Commercial grades, mp 172°

Optical Rotation: [a]D25 +19.8° (c = 5.19)

Density: d430 1.76

Therap-Cat: Detoxicant.