烟酰胺核糖, Nicotinamide-b-riboside

b-Nicotinamide riboside triflic acid salt

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a naturally occurring form of vitamin B3 found in foods such as yeast, milk, and beer. NR has gained attention in recent years for its potential therapeutic benefits in various diseases and medical conditions. This paper will provide an overview of NR, including its definition and background, physical and chemical properties, synthesis and characterization, analytical methods, biological properties, toxicity and safety in scientific experiments, applications in scientific experiments, current state of research, potential implications in various fields of research and industry, limitations, and future directions.

Definition and Background:

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a form of vitamin B3 that is found in small amounts in dairy products, yeast, and beer. NR is converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in the body, which plays an essential role in cellular metabolism and energy production. NR is a precursor to NAD+ and has been shown to increase NAD+ levels in the body.

Synthesis and Characterization:

NR can be synthesized from nicotinamide and ribose using enzymatic or chemical methods. Enzymatic methods involve using purified NRK enzymes from bacteria, yeast, or mammalian systems to convert nicotinamide and ribose into NR. Chemical methods involve using reagents such as phosphoryl chloride or phosphorus oxychloride to esterify nicotinamide with ribose to form NR. The resulting NR can be characterized using techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Analytical Methods:

Analytical methods used to measure NR include NMR, mass spectrometry, and HPLC. These techniques are used to quantify NR levels in biological samples and to determine the purity of synthesized NR.

Biological Properties:

NR has been shown to increase NAD+ levels in the body, which plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism and energy production. NR has also been shown to increase mitochondrial function and biogenesis, leading to improved energy metabolism and reduced oxidative stress. NR has been studied in various disease models, including metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and age-related diseases.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments:

NR has been shown to be well-tolerated in animal studies and does not exhibit any toxicity at therapeutic doses. However, few studies have investigated the long-term safety and potential adverse effects of NR in humans.

Applications in Scientific Experiments:

NR has been investigated in various disease models, including metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and age-related diseases. NR has also been shown to improve exercise performance and endurance in animal models. NR has potential applications in the field of anti-aging, metabolic disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Current State of Research:

NR is a relatively new area of research, and much more needs to be understood about its potential therapeutic applications in various diseases. Clinical trials involving NR are ongoing to investigate its safety and efficacy in various diseases.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry:

NR has potential implications in various fields of research and industry, including the pharmaceutical industry, nutrition industry, and wellness industry. NR has potential applications in the field of anti-aging, metabolic disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Limitations and Future Directions:

NR is a promising area of research; however, several limitations and challenges need to be addressed. First, few studies have investigated the long-term safety and potential adverse effects of NR in humans. Second, the optimal doses and dosing regimens for NR need to be established. Third, more research is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of NR. Finally, there is a need for more clinical trials to investigate the safety and efficacy of NR in various diseases.

Future Directions:

There are several future directions that need to be considered in NR research. These include:

1. Investigating the effects of NR on human health and aging.

2. Establishing optimal doses and dosing regimens for NR in various diseases.

3. Developing new analytical methods for measuring NR levels in complex biological samples.

4. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of NR.

5. Developing new delivery methods for NR to improve bioavailability and efficacy.

6. Investigating the effects of NR on gut microbiota and metabolic health.

7. Investigating the potential role of NR in epigenetic regulation.

8. Developing new strategies to target NAD+ metabolism in various diseases.

9. Investigating the potential use of NR in combination with other therapies.

COA:

Name: Nicotinamide-beta-riboside      CAS: 445489-49-6,1341-23-7       

M.F.: C₁₁H₁₅N₂O₅⁺ (C₁₂H₁₅F₃N₂O₈S)                        M.W._: 255.25 (404.32)