D-葡萄糖-6-磷酸, D-Glucose 6-phosphate

D-glucose 6-phosphate is an intermediate in the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway. It is formed by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase from D-glucose 1-phosphate and UTP. D-glucose 6-phosphate is also an important intermediate in glycolysis. The conversion of D-glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1,6-bisphosphate occurs through a series of reactions catalyzed by enzymes that are sensitive to inhibition by magnesium ions. These reactions include the phosphofructokinase, hexokinase, and pyruvate kinase reactions. The accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate leads to increased levels of lactate production and decreased levels of ATP production. This may be due to its ability to inhibit monoamine reuptake, which would lead to decreased synthesis of dopamine and serotonin.

D-Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) is a sugar molecule that plays an essential role in many biochemical pathways within living organisms. G6P is synthesized in the energy-producing pathways of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. It can also be synthesized in non-reducing conditions from glucose and phosphoric acid. In this paper, we will discuss the definition and background of G6P, its physical and chemical properties, the synthesis and characterization of G6P, the analytical methods used to detect its presence, the biological properties of G6P, its toxicity and safety in scientific experiments, its applications in scientific experiments, the current state of research on G6P, its potential implications in various fields of research and industry, its limitations, and future directions for research.

Definition and Background

G6P is a monosaccharide with a chemical formula of C6H13O9P. It is an ester of glucose and phosphoric acid, where the phosphate group is located at the sixth carbon position of the glucose molecule. G6P is an essential intermediate in energy production, as it is a substrate for several enzymes that play a crucial role in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.

Physical and Chemical Properties

G6P is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents. It has a melting point of 123-125 ℃ and a specific rotation of +77.5°. G6P is a reducing sugar, and it has an aldehyde group on the first carbon atom of the glucose molecule.

Synthesis and Characterization

G6P can be synthesized by several methods, including in the energy-producing pathways of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. G6P can also be synthesized in non-reducing conditions from glucose and phosphoric acid. The synthesized G6P can be characterized by various techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy (MS).

Analytical Methods

Several analytical methods can be used to detect the presence of G6P in biological and chemical samples. These methods include HPLC, GC-MS, NMR spectroscopy, and enzymatic assays.

Biological Properties

G6P plays an essential role in many biological processes within living organisms, including energy production, lipid synthesis, and nucleotide synthesis. G6P is also involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, and glycogen synthesis.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments

G6P is generally considered safe, but high concentrations of G6P can lead to toxicity in scientific experiments. Toxicity can be attributed to the disturbance of cellular metabolism or the inhibition of key enzymes involved in energy production.

Applications in Scientific Experiments

G6P has many applications in scientific experiments, including the study of energy metabolism, cellular signaling pathways, and gene expression. G6P is also used in the production of bioplastics and biofuels.

Current State of Research

Current research on G6P focuses on the role of G6P in energy metabolism, its involvement in cellular signaling pathways, and its potential as a therapeutic target for metabolic disorders.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry

G6P has potential implications in various fields of research and industry, including energy production, biotechnology, and medicine. G6P can be used as a substrate for biofuel production, a building block for bioplastics, and a therapeutic target for metabolic disorders.

Limitations and Future Directions

One of the limitations of G6P research is that the molecular mechanisms of its biological effects are not yet fully understood. Future research should focus on the detailed molecular mechanisms of G6P in energy metabolism and cellular signaling pathways. Other future directions for research include exploring its potential as a therapeutic target for metabolic disorders, understanding its role in disease pathogenesis, and developing more specific and sensitive analytical methods for the detection of G6P in biological samples.

Conclusion

In conclusion, G6P is an essential molecule in many biochemical pathways within living organisms. It has many physical and chemical properties and can be synthesized by several methods. Several analytical methods can be used to detect the presence of G6P in biological and chemical samples. G6P plays an essential role in energy production, lipid synthesis, and nucleotide synthesis. It has many applications in scientific experiments and various fields of research and industry. Future research should focus on the molecular mechanisms of G6P in energy metabolism and cellular signaling pathways, its potential as a therapeutic target for metabolic disorders, its role in disease pathogenesis, and the development of more specific and sensitive analytical methods for the detection of G6P in biological samples.

Title: Glucose-6-phosphate

CAS Registry Number: 56-73-5

CAS Name: D-Glucose 6-(dihydrogen phosphate)

Additional Names: glucose-6-phosphoric acid; Robison ester

Molecular Formula: C6H13O9P

Molecular Weight: 260.14

Percent Composition: C 27.70%, H 5.04%, O 55.35%, P 11.91%

Literature References: A normal constituent of resting muscle, probably always existing in equilibrium with fructose-6-phosphate. For the enzymatic conversion from the 1-phosphate see a-Glucose-1-phosphate. Isoln from a crude mixture of hexose phosphates, obtained by yeast fermentation: Robison, King, Biochem. J. 25, 323 (1931). Prepn by the action of phosphoglucomutase on a-glucose-1-phosphate: Colowick, Sutherland, J. Biol. Chem. 144, 423 (1942); from acetone glucose: Levene, Raymond, ibid. 92, 757 (1931); by phosphorylation of 1,2,3,4-tetraacetylglucose followed by deacetylation: Fischer, Lardy, ibid. 164, 513 (1946); Biochem. Prep. 2, 39 (1952). Prepn from starch: de Chatelperron et al., FR 1379068 (1964), C.A. 62, 9394b (1965).

Derivative Type: Barium salt

Molecular Formula: C6H11O5PO4Ba

Molecular Weight: 395.45

Percent Composition: C 18.22%, H 2.80%, O 36.41%, P 7.83%, Ba 34.73%

Properties: Nonhygroscopic, stable powder. [a]D24 +17.9°. Easily sol in water.

Optical Rotation: [a]D24 +17.9°

Derivative Type: Dipotassium salt

Molecular Formula: C6H11O5PO4K2

Molecular Weight: 336.32

Percent Composition: C 21.43%, H 3.30%, O 42.81%, P 9.21%, K 23.25%

Properties: Precipitate from methanol. [a]D24 +21.2° (c = 1.3). Freely sol in water.

Optical Rotation: [a]D24 +21.2° (c = 1.3)

COA:

Product name: D-Glucose 6-phosphate   M.F.: C₆H₁₃O₉P  M.W._: 260.16  CAS: 56-73-5