5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl sulfate potassium salt 

Magenta(tm)-sulfate potassium salt

Potassium 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl sulfate: A Comprehensive Review

Definition and Background:

Potassium 5-bromo-6-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl sulfate, also known as ISA (indolyl sulfate analog), is an organic compound with the molecular formula K^+ C_8H_5BrClNO_4S^-_. It is a derivative of the naturally occurring metabolite indoxyl sulfate and is used in various scientific experiments due to its unique properties.

Physical and Chemical Properties:

ISA is a white or off-white crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and organic solvents. It has a melting point of 245-250 °C and is stable under normal laboratory conditions. It is an ionic compound with a positive potassium ion (K+) and a negative sulfate ion (SO_4^2-). ISA is a polar molecule with a dipole moment of 3.79D.

Synthesis and Characterization:

ISA can be synthesized via the reaction of 5-bromo-6-chloroindole with sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide. The product is then purified through recrystallization. The synthesized ISA can be characterized using various techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis.

Analytical Methods:

ISA can be quantified using various methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These methods can be used to identify and quantify ISA in different biological matrices.

Biological Properties:

ISA has shown various biological properties such as the inhibition of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway and the modulation of the gut microbiome. It has also been shown to regulate the expression of various genes and proteins involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell proliferation.

Toxicity and Safety in Scientific Experiments:

Studies have shown that ISA is not toxic to cells at concentrations used in scientific experiments. However, it may have some toxic properties at very high concentrations. Therefore, researchers should use caution and follow appropriate safety guidelines when working with ISA.

Applications in Scientific Experiments:

ISA has various applications in scientific experiments, such as modulating AhR signaling in intestinal mucosa, regulating the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes, and inhibiting inflammation in liver and colon tissues. It has also been used as a marker for indoxyl sulfate accumulation in various tissues.

Current State of Research:

ISA research is still in its early stages, and scientists continue to explore its potential applications in different fields of research.

Potential Implications in Various Fields of Research and Industry:

ISA has potential implications in various fields of research and industry, such as drug discovery, toxicology, microbial ecology, and environmental science. For example, it could be used as a tool to study the effects of environmental toxins on human health.

Limitations and Future Directions:

Although ISA is a promising compound, there are still limitations and future directions to consider. For example, more studies are needed to determine the long-term safety and toxicity of ISA. Future research should also address the potential effects of ISA on microbial communities and on the metabolism of other substrates in vivo.

Future Directions:

1. Studying the effects of ISA on the microbiome-gut-brain axis

2. Investigating the potential clinical applications of ISA in treating inflammatory bowel disease

3. Developing innovative methods for ISA synthesis and analysis

4. Determining the efficacy of ISA as an inhibitor of AhR pathway in other tissues and organs

5. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of ISA's action on gene expression and protein translation.